一个码农的自留地
很多人喜欢小巷子，喜欢那里的宁静，那样古老的城市建筑，有着古典之美。实际上，是时光成就了这样的安静与美丽，也是时光雕刻了人间的怀念与伤感。
《乌衣巷》是经典水墨，经典木刻，是一支怀念的歌谣，那样淡淡的，温馨的禅意，成为了人们心灵的燕子，轻轻飞翔。
乌衣巷
刘禹锡
朱雀桥边野草生，乌衣巷口夕阳斜。
旧时王谢堂前燕，飞入寻常百姓家。
乌衣巷在今南京市东南，秦淮河南岸。东晋时王导、谢安等豪门世族就居住在这里。朱雀桥在乌衣巷附近，是当时的交通要道。写其今日衰败景象，写昔日繁荣，形成强烈的对照。
从前的燕子飞来，总是在王、谢等豪门世族宽敞的宅子里筑巢。如今旧世族的楼台亭阁荡然无存，燕子也只能住在寻常百姓家了。
新华看世界，只为怀孕正果。鲜花的目光，都穿上香气。
寺院的春天，让游人得到沐浴。人间在寺院里的到清洗。寺院就像洗衣机，把人间洗干净。
开善寺
阴铿
鹫岭春光遍，王城野望通。
登临情不极，萧散趣无穷。
莺随入户树，花逐下山风。
栋里归云白，窗外落晖红。
名石何年卧，枯树几春空？
淹留惜未及，幽桂在芳丛。
这首诗以工笔写景，丛“登临情不及”说起，以“淹留惜未及”结尾，中间部分景色描写，表现对大自然风光的迷恋。
前四句着眼钟山全景，写开善寺春光遍野，诗人游兴盎然。鹫岭即灵鹫山，本为中印佛教圣地，如来曾在此讲经，因开善寺亦为佛门禅院，所以此处借指钟山。野山野水，自然的野性，才是尊重它们的生命。
后四句是全诗的精华部分，意象精妙，用词洗炼，是诗歌史上传诵的写景名句。
“淹留惜未及，幽桂在芳丛”借用《淮南小山 招隐士》中的“桂树丛生兮山之幽”“攀援桂枝兮聊淹留”“王孙兮归来，山中兮不可久留”等句，表达不能久留于此，辜负美景，深以为憾。
那些春天，早在冬天的时候，就用空荡荡的寂寞，守住了寒冷的阵地，在枯枝上，在田野上，在枯草上，寂寞的叽叽喳喳喊了很长的时间，终于喊来了春天，春天说出声音来，说出心灵来，说出颜色来，说出新鲜的衣服来。
种子纷纷往坑里跳，埋没自己，让自己隐没于黑暗中，然后自己开门，让自己内部的客人于世界，出来看看。
终日寻春
无尽藏比丘尼
终日寻春不见春，芒鞋踏破岭头云。
归来偶把梅花嗅，春在枝头已十分。
我们寻找人生的价值以及幸福，修行者求道，都好比寻找春天。
寻找春天的人，从清晨找到夜晚，走遍千山万水，磨破鞋底，仍然看不见春天的踪影。
心灰意懒，回到家中，庭院中早开的寒梅，清香从花朵身上泼水一样泼出来，忍不住深深地一吸，原来春天早就悄悄地绽开在寒梅枝上了。
幸福无所不在，心的大道无所不在，处处可以体会，甚至吃饭、睡觉、走路、行进之间都有道的存在，在启示世人，不要错过这些伟大的开启与暗示。
看宁静号的时候，有些情景比较有趣，牧师作为牧师，居然对枪、杀手等非常熟悉，尤其在中枪之后，被送到联盟要求救治被拒后，拿出身份卡，联盟立即就开始救助，并且给宁静号上所有人都治疗并释放了。这是有多高的地位的人才能享有的待遇。在豆瓣小组里面翻了一圈，貌似没有找到。google了一圈，总算找到一些蛛丝马迹。
google上推荐去看Serenity: The Shepherd’s Tale，这个漫画里面似乎有介绍，可惜要求美刀去买，而且不知道猴年马月才能到（猴年马月其实再过一个月就到了）。继续看看大家的评论，终于找到了。
Shepherd Book was abused as a boy, and lived on the street for a while. He wasn’t born under the name Shepherd Book, BTW. He joined up with the independence movement, and volunteered to be a spy on the Alliance. He was an officer until he led a brilliant defeat, after which he was discharged. He later lived in a monastery for a time, and became the preacher we all know:-)
|
TL;DR: Book’s official status within the Alliance (and therefore on his ident chip) was that of a retired Alliance commander. This would result in VIP treatment at most Alliance facilities. I’ll outline his entire known history in the spoiler tags below. Most of this is outlined in the comic “The Shepherd’s Tale“, which is essentially Book reflecting back on his life while dying at Haven. Early Life
Life as a Browncoat
Life in the Alliance
Retirement
Life at the Abbey
Life on Serenity
As for your specific question, his ident chip reflected his official status with the Alliance – a retired Captain or Commander. Especially in a medical situation like that, a status like that would require any Alliance officer to render immediate assistance. |
Henry Evans had a troubled childhood and was a criminal for a time before enlisting with the independence movement. As a member of The Independence he volunteered to spy on The Alliance. He killed a man named Derrial Book assumed his identity to enlisted in the Alliance Military. While still working as a spy for The Independence he quickly worked up the Alliance ranks to become a prominent officer. At a key point during the war he intentionally lost a major battle dealing a crushing blow to the alliance and leading to him being discharged. This loss was so crushing that the alliance made a point to wipe all record of it out. Meaning on paper shepherd Book is nothing but a retired prominent Alliance officer. After being discharged he “found god in a bowl of soup” while at a soup kitchen and decided to join an Abby. He eventually left and ended up boarding Serenity.
Source：http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/166/what-was-shepherd-books-past-in-firefly
Biography
To the crew of Serenity, Derrial Book’s past was a mystery. He indicated early on that he was a shepherd who had been living in theSouthdown Abbey and that he never married.[1] In truth, “Derrial” was not even the shepherd’s real name, but rather the name of a man he had killed.
Book, whose birth name was Henry Evans, lived as a young boy in dread of his highly abusive father. He would listen to music to take himself to a peaceful place in his mind, only to be beaten. He finally chose to leave home, but after ten years had merely established himself as a successful thief, adept at avoiding law enforcement. He was then recruited by the Independence Movement, a representative of which having been impressed at his excellent combat potential. In four years he honed his fighting skills, easily defeating heavily-armed federal agents singlehandedly. Evans was not known among his Independence peers to attend their meetings, but he showed up for one and there he volunteered to take part in a highly-sensitive mole operation. Since the Independence organizers had learned that the Alliancewas creating warships, they plotted to plant a long-term mole to rise through the ranks of the Alliance and subvert them at every turn. Henry’s left eye was extracted and replaced with a biorobotic camera and transmitter, which would provide excellent surveillance. To join the Alliance, he needed a new identity. So he lured an unsuspecting young man named Derrial Book into an alley, murdered him with a garrote, and took on this name permanently.
In four short years, he orchestrated a “meteoric” rise through the Alliance ranks and was selected for the officer corps from the law enforcement on Jiangyin. He utilized brutal beatings on captured Independence members—men and women alike—which impressed his superiors. After six years, he was an officer aboard the I.A.V. Cortez, where he directed the final movement of an Alliance operation to ambush Independence transports on a massive scale: six installations on different planets and at least one space-borne transport convoy were raided by Alliance forces at the same moment, but each was ambushed. It was the “single greatest disaster in Alliance history”. The most prominent loss was the destruction of the I.A.V. Alexander and the loss of all 4,000 souls aboard; elsewhere, about 300 soldiers were captured. Book was immediately discharged without trial and thrown into an escape vessel in disgrace.
He lived as a derelict for six years after until he experienced an epiphany about his place in the universe while staring into a bowl of chicken soup. He was suddenly seized with purpose, and joined the Southdown Abbeywhere he remained for a decade, until he finally chose to leave the abbey—on good terms and with encouragement—and become a missionary. He then joined the crew of Serenity.
Book frequently made references to Christian theology and consulted and quoted the Bible. But Book later expressed concern that he was being corrupted by living on Serenity and he left the ship[5] and moved to the planet Haven. There he was killed by an Alliance soldier sent to destroy Haven after Serenity managed to shake an Alliance assassin known only as “the Operative”. However, he was not a passive figure in the events leading up to his death; he defended Haven and shot down the A.V.-Sparrow that attacked the settlement.After taking down the ship, Mal told Book that he did the right thing, to which Book replied, “Coming from you, that means almost nothing.”
“I don’t care what you believe. Just believe it!”~ Book’s dying words to Mal
Source: http://firefly.wikia.com/wiki/Derrial_Book
original post: http://geeks.noeit.com/mount-an-smb-network-drive-on-raspberry-pi/
In this tutorial we will describe how to connect your Raspberry Pi to a network drive and permanently mount it to your system. Even though this article uses a Raspberry Pi as an example to connect to an SMB drive, the steps used can be applied to any Debian based system, such as Ubuntu.
If you have a Raspberry Pi you might have noticed that the storage possibilities are kind of limited unless you have some external storage. Even though you can get SD cards with 64+gb of storage, you probably want more if you have a lot of music and movies that you are streaming through your Pi.
There are several choices when it comes to storage for your Pi, such as network drives, flash drives, or external USB HDDs. Using a network drive you can not only access your files from the Pi, but from any computer connected to your network, which is very convenient.
Before we start, I will assume you already
Note: remember to change all text in red to your own values.
In order to mount the drive, you need to have cifs-utils installed on your system. If you are running a newer version of Raspbian or RaspBMC you should already have this installed. You can check whether it is installed or not by running the following command:
dpkg -s cifs-utils
If it is installed, it should output something like this:
Package: cifs-utils Status: install ok installed Priority: optional Section: otherosfs Installed-Size: 189 Maintainer: Debian Samba Maintainers <pkg-samba-maint@lists.alioth.debian.org> Architecture: armhf Version: 2:5.5-1 ...
If it says that it’s not installed, you need to install it:
sudo apt-get install cifs-utils
You might have public folders on your network drive that can be accessed by anyone without having to provide any credentials. These are mounted in the same way as password-protected folders (we will mount these in the next section), but with a few different options.
First, let’s create a directory on the Pi where we want to mount the directory. You will need a separate directory for each network folder that you want to mount. I will create the folders in the /media folder:
sudo mkdir -p /media/networkshare/public
Then edit your /etc/fstab file (with root privileges) and add this line:
//192.168.0.18/publicshare /media/networkshare/public cifs guest,uid=1000,gid=1000,iocharset=utf8 0 0
The first part is the IP of your network drive, and the public folder you want to mount.
The second part is the folder on your local machine where you want to mount the network share.
The third part indicates what type of drive you want to mount (cifs).
The last part is the set of options you can pass, and here’s an explanation of the ones we are using:
Note: If there is any space in the server path, you need to replace it by \040, for example //192.168.0.18/My\040Documents
To find the uid and gid for your username, use the following command:
id username
Now that we have added this to our /etc/fstab, we need to (re)mount all entries listed in /etc/fstab:
sudo mount -a
Now you can access your network drive from /media/networkshare/public (or wherever you chose to mount it).
Mounting a password-protected share is very similar to mounting a public ones, with some minor changes to the options we pass. Let’s start by making a new folder where we want to mount the password-protected share:
sudo mkdir -p /media/networkshare/protected
Again, open /etc/fstab (with root privileges), and add this line:
//192.168.0.18/protectedshare /media/networkshare/protected cifs username=msusername,password=mspassword,uid=1000,gid=1000,iocharset=utf8 0 0
While this is a perfectly valid way of mounting your protected folder, it’s not very secure. Since /etc/fstab is readable by everyone, so are your credentials in it. So, let’s make it more secure by using a credentials file. This file will contain nothing else but your username and password, but we will make readable only to you. This way, other users on the system won’t be able to see your credentials.
Using a text editor, create a file that will contain the credentials for your protected network share:
vim ~/.smbcredentials
Enter your username and password for the protected share in the file:
username=msusername password=mspassword
Save the file.
Change the permissions of the file to make sure only you can read it:
chmod 600 ~/.smbcredentials
Then edit your /etc/fstab file and change the line where we are mounting the protected share to look like this:
//192.168.0.18/protectedhare /media/networkshare/protected cifs credentials=/home/username/.smbcredentials,uid=1000,gid=1000,iocharset=utf8 0 0
Save the file.
Again, we need to (re)mount all entries listed in /etc/fstab:
sudo mount -a
Now you’re all set to access your public and protected folders from your Pi.
CIFS DEBIAN HDD NETWORK RASPBERRY PI RASPBIAN RASPBMC SMB TUTORIAL UBUNTU XBMC
最近总算追完了《firefly》这部美剧，然后又看了《Serenity》这部电影，算是交代了电视剧的结局。
Take my love
Take my land
Take me where I cannot stand
I don’t care，I’m still free
You can’t take the sky from me
Take me out to the black
Tell them I ain’t coming back
Burn the land and boil the sea
You can’t take the sky from me
There’s no place I can be
Since I found Serenity
But you can’t take the sky from me
这部电视剧以这首歌开始，体现了电视剧的基本内容：
即使夺走了我的爱和我的土地，让我无处可栖，但是我不怕，我向往自由，你无法夺走我的天空。
听到对白里面英语里面掺杂着我也听不懂的中国话，总感觉怪怪的。后来才知道导演比较喜欢中国，认为未来是中国的天下，剧中未来的世界，汉语和英语是通行的两种官方语言。话说回来，现在很多人说话，汉语里面插着不少英语单词，给老外也许也是怪怪的感觉。
這戲的偉大，在於它很短，就是被腰砍了，才播出11集（後來的dvd，出到14集），但不給人「爛尾」之感，而接續的電影版大結局serenity（衝出寧靜號），更是壯烈到驚人的地步，這麼艘破船，一船見錢眼開的爛傭兵，到最後，真是以命相博，就為了個，不知從哪撿來的，怪里怪氣的小屁孩。
這群人，最終不但揭漏了聯邦的無恥祕密，其代價更是無比昂貴，只因他們基本上是下定決心，命不要了，集體立志犧牲生命……。
至此，firefly 終於成就了一個影史的特例，一部被砍的小美劇，竟然能衍生出 serenity 這樣的電影鉅作，科幻鉅作，太空史詩鉅作，類型電影鉅作。它，不但成為影史特例之一，不但是影迷心中的cult，它，更變成影迷心目中的孤絕象徵。
片中，mal 帶領著寧靜號，抵抗聯邦。
戲外，我們這些影迷，也跟該死的fox電視台抵抗呢。
你把我們的影集砍了，我們用dvd的銷量，還有用電影版的賣座，證明你們的無知和罪惡！
（Joss Whedon：「這部電影本不該存在的」，他繼續說：「遭停播的電視劇，沒有資格拍成電影，除非製片、演員和影迷，能相信……這部電影，意義空前。」）
电影的结局以mal和river的对话，讲述了他和Serenity的关系，
You know what the first rule of flying is?
well, I suppose you do, since you already know what I’m about tot say.
Love. You can learn all the math in the ‘verse, but you take a boat in the air that you don’t love, she’ll shake you off just as sue as the turn of the worlds.
Love keeps her in the air when she ought to fall down, tells you she’s hurting before she keels.
Makes her a home.
source:
http://php.net/manual/en/ref.sockets.php
http://www.rkrishardy.com/2009/12/permission-denied-13-when-opening-socket-in-php-apache/
<?php
/**
* Wake-on-LAN
*
* @return boolean
* TRUE: Socked was created successfully and the message has been sent.
* FALSE: Something went wrong
*
* @param string|array $mac You will WAKE-UP this WOL-enabled computer, you
* need to add the MAC-address here. Mac can be
* array too.
*
* @param string|array $addr You will send and broadcast to this address.
* Normally you need to use the 255.255.255.255
* address, so I made it as the default. You don't need to do anything with this.
*
* If you get permission denied errors when using
* 255.255.255.255 have permission denied problems
* you can set $addr = false to get the broadcast
* address from the network interface using the
* ifconfig command.
*
* $addr can be array with broadcast IP values
*
* Example 1:
* When the message has been sent you will see the message "Done...."
* if ( wake_on_lan('00:00:00:00:00:00'))
* echo 'Done...';
* else
* echo 'Error while sending';
*/
function wake_on_lan($mac, $addr=false, $port=7) {
if ($addr === false){
exec("ifconfig | grep Bcast | cut -d \":\" -f 3 | cut -d \" \" -f 1",$addr);
$addr=array_flip(array_flip($addr));
}
if(is_array($addr)){
$last_ret = false;
for ($i = 0; $i < count($addr); $i++)
if ($addr[$i] !== false) {
$last_ret = wake_on_lan($mac, $addr[$i], $port);
}
return $last_ret;
}
if (is_array($mac)){
$ret = array();
foreach($mac as $k =< $v)
$ret[$k] = wake_on_lan($v, $addr, $port);
return $ret;
}
//Check if it's an real MAC-address and split it into an array
$mac = strtoupper($mac);
if (!preg_match("/([A-F0-9]{1,2}[-:]){5}[A-F0-9]{1,2}/", $mac, $maccheck))
return false;
$addr_byte = preg_split("/[-:]/", $maccheck[0]);
//Creating hardware adress
$hw_addr = '';
for ($a = 0; $a < 6; $a++)//Changing mac adres from HEXEDECIMAL to DECIMAL
$hw_addr .= chr(hexdec($addr_byte[$a]));
//Create package data
$msg = str_repeat(chr(255),6);
for ($a = 1; $a <= 16; $a++)
$msg .= $hw_addr;
//Sending data
if (function_exists('socket_create')){
//socket_create exists
$sock = socket_create(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, SOL_UDP); //Can create the socket
if ($sock){
$sock_data = socket_set_option($sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, 1); //Set
if ($sock_data){
$sock_data = socket_sendto($sock, $msg, strlen($msg), 0, $addr,$port); //Send data
if ($sock_data){
socket_close($sock); //Close socket
unset($sock);
return true;
}
}
}
@socket_close($sock);
unset($sock);
}
$sock=fsockopen("udp://" . $addr, $port);
if($sock){
$ret=fwrite($sock,$msg);
fclose($sock);
}
if($ret)
return true;
return false;
}
if (@wake_on_lan('00:00:00:00:00:00')) {
echo 'Done...';
} else {
echo 'Error while sending';
}
?>
Seems like the answer to your question is contained within an other question on this site.
I am trying to play videos automatically when the Raspberry Pi boots. I decided to use crontab for that:
@reboot /storage/.config/autostart.sh
The autostart.sh file contains the following code:
xbmc-send -a “PlayMedia(/storage/videos/)”
The Raspberry Pi successfully automatically starts to play videos from /storage/videos/ directory when it reboots.
Hope that helps.
This is like asking “How do I fix my car when it won’t start?” Your question is way to broad to answer. The process will remain basically the same form case to case. Here are some steps that you can go through to figure this out.
在
解决方法是：
$(“table tbody td”).click(function(e){
if(e.target.nodeName.toUpperCase() == “INPUT”){
alert(“It’s an input!”);
return;
}else{
alert(“It’s not an input!”);
}
});
Book words story pages read novel
Music Party Hungry Red Cheese Yummy
chill sled frost cold toboggan ice
tree fish boy hot wave nice
Clouds showers damp wet storm puddle
Farm Dig Seed Garden Bloom Vine
straw mirror tiles couch cat cord
Iowa cow guitar orange wow laugh
boots chill mittens snow frost ice
see snow man cut cool tell
前段时间为了投票，在服务器上面开了N个php进程，每次要退出的时候都要ps -eaf|grep php，然后根据pid一个一个kill，傻傻的操作了很多次。其实早就知道有killall的指令，但一次都没用过。这次实在受不了了，还是查了一下，用下面这个方法挺好
kill `pidof php`
备用方法，未验证
export pid=`ps | grep process_name | awk 'NR==1{print $1}' | cut -d' ' -f1`;kill $pid
pkill -f "Process name" 这个试过了，因为是php xxx.php方式，貌似没法用。网上听到一首小音乐，简单重复的节奏，时不时补充一点喵星人的声音，分享给大家，适合深夜的时候听听，更适合铲屎官。
[hana-flv-player video=”https://blog.wo.ai/test/miao.mp3″ width=”400″ description=”” player=”5″ autoload=”true” autoplay=”false” loop=”false” autorewind=”true” /]
转自 老徐拉灯 的博客
原文地址：http://blog.csdn.net/xdw1985829/article/details/39583239
树莓派官方支持av及HDMI输出，板子上预留了一个csi接口的液晶显示屏，但是一直没有相应的模组出现。在很多应用场合我们需要一些小型的液晶屏显示一些基本的信息，所以小屏驱动很是必要。
在github上有一个开源工程：notro/fbtft，完整的实现了framebuffer驱动，让树莓派完美支持tft液晶，下面对移植过程进行一个简单说明
一、官网地址
工程首页：https://github.com/notro
fbtft源码：https://github.com/notro/fbtft
编译好的固件（基于3.12.25+）:https://github.com/notro/rpi-firmware
使用说明(wiki)：https://github.com/notro/fbtft/wiki
二、使用编译好的固件(3.12.25+)
环境：树莓派
https://github.com/notro/rpi-firmware
1、打开SPI
树莓派默认spi是关掉的，我们需要打开
sudo vi /etc/modprobe.d/raspi-blacklist.conf
把下面这句话前面的#号删掉
blacklist spi-bcm2708
2、下载：
1)以模块的形式编译进内核（需要手动或脚本加载模块）3.12.25+（试验成功）
sudo REPO_URI=https://github.com/notro/rpi-firmware rpi-update
2)直接编译进内核（笔者没有试验）
sudo REPO_URI=https://github.com/notro/rpi-firmware BRANCH=builtin rpi-update
3)以模块的形式编译进内核（需要手动或脚本加载模块，最新版本，笔者试过启动不起来，不知道哪出问题）
sudo REPO_URI=https://github.com/notro/rpi-firmware BRANCH=latest rpi-update
4)直接下载压缩包，手动安装（适合树莓派不能联网的时候）
http://tronnes.org/downloads/2014-06-20-wheezy-raspbian-2014-07-25-fbtft-master-firmware.zip
3、配置
1)手动加载模块：
sudo modprobe fbtft_device name=adafruit22
name后面的名字，要跟相应的液晶驱动芯片移植
笔者使用的液晶芯片为：fb_ra8875，所以这里写的是：er_tftm050_2
其它芯片请查阅：https://github.com/notro/fbtft/blob/master/fbtft_device.c 文件
正常会提示以下信息
fbtft_device: SPI devices registered:
fbtft_device: spidev spi0.0 500kHz 8 bits mode=0x00
fbtft_device: spidev spi0.1 500kHz 8 bits mode=0x00
fbtft_device: ‘fb’ Platform devices registered:
fbtft_device: bcm2708_fb id=-1 pdata? no
fbtft_device: Deleting spi0.0
fbtft_device: GPIOS used by ‘adafruit22’:
fbtft_device: ‘reset’ = GPIO25
fbtft_device: ‘led’ = GPIO23
fbtft_device: SPI devices registered:
fbtft_device: spidev spi0.1 500kHz 8 bits mode=0x00
fbtft_device: fb_hx8340bn spi0.0 32000kHz 8 bits mode=0x00
graphics fb1: fb_hx8340bn frame buffer, 176×220, 75 KiB video memory, 16 KiB buffer memory, fps=20, spi0.0 at 32 MHz
在/dev/目录下出现: /dev/fb1设备
2）自动加载模块
sudo vi /etc/modules
加入以下语句，既可以在启动时自动加载模块
spi-bcm2708
fbtft_device name=er_tftm050_2 speed=28000000 fps=25 verbose=0
红色部分根据实际情况调整，可能出现花屏现象
4、使用（官方给出的方法，笔者测试不成功）
1)手动启动x11和控制台到新的液晶屏
X Windows显示在fb1上：
$FRAMEBUFFER=/dev/fb1 startx
Console显示在fb1上：
$con2fbmap 1 1
2)自动登陆x11
sudo vi /etc/inittab
#1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty –noclear 38400 tty1
1:2345:respawn:/bin/login -f pi tty1 </dev/tty1 >/dev/tty1 2>&1
sudo vi /etc/rc.local
su -l pi -c “env FRAMEBUFFER=/dev/fb1 startx &”
5、使用（笔者使用这个测试通过）
1)将fb0上的内容直接拷贝到fb1上,fb0和fb1同步
https://github.com/notro/fbtft/wiki/Framebuffer-use#framebuffer-mirroring
$git clone https://github.com/tasanakorn/rpi-fbcp
$cd rpi-fbcp/
$mkdir build
$cd build/
$cmake ..
$make
$sudo install fbcp /usr/local/bin/fbcp
启动：fbcp &
关闭fbcp：killall fbcp
2)启动时使用fb1
$sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-video-fbdev
$sudo vi /usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d/99-fbdev.conf
加入以下语句：
Section “Device”
Identifier “myfb”
Driver “fbdev”
Option “fbdev” “/dev/fb1”
EndSection
启动：startx
测试：
apt-get -y install fbi
fbi -d /dev/fb1 -T 1 -noverbose -a test.jpg
三、由内核及源码编译
1、下载、编译内核源码：
2、下载、编译fbtft源码
$cd linux(进入下载好的内核源码目录)
$cd drivers/video
$git clone https://github.com/notro/fbtft.git（下载fbtft源码，也可以在别的地方下载好，拷贝过来）
修改内核源码的Kconfig及Makefine
Add to drivers/video/Kconfig: source “drivers/video/fbtft/Kconfig”
Add to drivers/video/Makefile: obj-y += fbtft/
$make menuconfig(在配置界面加入所选用液晶的驱动支持)
$make
之前写了一篇移植2.4寸TFT驱动到树莓派的文章,那篇博文中的驱动代码是国外大牛写的,看了一下,还是有很多地方没理解,是得好好再学习一下内核驱动的编写,这里就从字符设备驱动开始,采用最简单的LED驱动来建立内核驱动移植的驱动框架.
个人原创,转载请注明原文出处:
http://blog.csdn.net/embbnux/article/details/17712547
参考文章:
http://blog.csdn.net/hcx25909/article/details/16860725
内核驱动与普通单片机模块驱动的差别就是在于,写内核驱动的时候,要提供内核调用的接口,使内核能找到相应的驱动入口,用户通过告诉内核要干嘛,内核再去调用那个驱动,驱动的最底层和单片机模块是一样的,同样是对GPIO的操作,配置输入输出,以及某些特殊的寄存器. LED的点亮就是对GPIO的操作 .
对于ARM的GPIO调用需要通过IO映射的方法,要操作内存上对应的地址.
对于bcm2708上的io对应关系,可以查看bcm2835的手册,和stm32基本上是一样的,因为同为ARM体系:
我参考的那博客讲这个比较清楚,可以参考下,由于树莓派的内核以及很好的提供了GPIO调用的接口,即把内存操作封装了很好,这里就不像那篇博客那样再自己写函数通过内存操作来进行GPIO操作,觉得有点麻烦,但是对于学好底层很有用.
一 首先上个驱动程序
这里直接把该程序添加到内核的源码目录里面,也可在自己的目录下,但是要写Makefile.
在/drivers/char/新建rasp_led.c,内核中的kconfig文件和makefile文件,参照前一篇文章
led.c:
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/********************************************************************//***************Rasp led 驱动程序************************************//***************作者: Embbnux Ji*************************************//***************博客: http://blog.csdn.net/embbnux/ *****************//********************************************************************/#include <linux/kernel.h>#include <linux/module.h>#include <linux/device.h>#include <mach/platform.h> #include <linux/platform_device.h>#include <linux/types.h>#include <linux/fs.h>#include <linux/ioctl.h>#include <linux/cdev.h>#include <linux/delay.h>#include <linux/uaccess.h>#include <linux/init.h>#include <linux/gpio.h>#define DEVICE_NAME "Pi_Led"#define DRIVER_NAME "pi_led"//class声明内核模块驱动信息,是UDEV能够自动生成/dev下相应文件static dev_t pi_led_devno; //设备号static struct class *pi_led_class;static struct cdev pi_led_class_dev;struct gpio_chip *gpiochip;#define led_pin 4 //gpio 4//这部分函数为内核调用后open的设备IO操作,和裸板程序一样int open_flag=0;static int pi_led_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp){ printk("Open led ing!\n"); if(open_flag ==0){ open_flag =1; printk("Open led success!\n"); return 0; } else{ printk("Led has opened!\n"); } return 0;}//这部分函数为内核调用后ioctl的设备IO操作,和裸板程序一样static long pi_led_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg){ switch(cmd){ case 0: gpiochip->set(gpiochip, led_pin, 0); printk("Led up!\n"); break; case 1: gpiochip->set(gpiochip, led_pin, 1); printk("Led down!\n"); break; } return 0;}static int pi_led_release(struct inode *inode,struct file *file){ printk("Led has release!\n"); return 0;}//file_operations使系统的open,ioctl等函数指针指向我们所写的led_open等函数,//这样系统才能够调用static struct file_operations pi_led_dev_fops = { .owner =THIS_MODULE, .open =pi_led_open, .unlocked_ioctl = pi_led_ioctl, .release = pi_led_release,};static int is_right_chip(struct gpio_chip *chip, void *data){if (strcmp(data, chip->label) == 0) return 1; return 0;}//内核加载后的初始化函数.static int __init pi_led_init(void){ struct device *dev; int major; //自动分配主设备号 major = alloc_chrdev_region(&pi_led_devno,0,1,DRIVER_NAME); //register_chrdev 注册字符设备使系统知道有LED这个模块在. cdev_init(&pi_led_class_dev, &pi_led_dev_fops); major = cdev_add(&pi_led_class_dev,pi_led_devno,1); //注册class pi_led_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE,DRIVER_NAME); dev = device_create(pi_led_class ,NULL,pi_led_devno,NULL,DRIVER_NAME); gpiochip = gpiochip_find("bcm2708_gpio", is_right_chip); gpiochip->direction_output(gpiochip, led_pin, 1); gpiochip->set(gpiochip, led_pin, 0); printk("pi led init ok!\n"); return 0;}//内核卸载后的销毁函数.void pi_led_exit(void){ gpio_free(led_pin); device_destroy(pi_led_class,pi_led_devno); class_destroy(pi_led_class); cdev_del(&pi_led_class_dev); unregister_chrdev_region(pi_led_devno, 1); printk("pi led exit ok!\n");}module_init(pi_led_init);module_exit(pi_led_exit);MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Rasp Led Driver");MODULE_AUTHOR("Embbnux Ji < http://blog.csdn.net/embbnux >");MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); |
二 源码框架分析
我们首先从内核模块的入口,module_init(pi_led_init)这个函数看起,可以看出初始化后调用pi_led_init这个函数.
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//内核加载后的初始化函数.static int __init pi_led_init(void){ struct device *dev; int major; //自动分配主设备号 major = alloc_chrdev_region(&pi_led_devno,0,1,DRIVER_NAME); //register_chrdev 注册字符设备使系统知道有LED这个模块在. cdev_init(&pi_led_class_dev, &pi_led_dev_fops); major = cdev_add(&pi_led_class_dev,pi_led_devno,1); //注册class pi_led_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE,DRIVER_NAME); dev = device_create(pi_led_class ,NULL,pi_led_devno,NULL,DRIVER_NAME); gpiochip = gpiochip_find("bcm2708_gpio", is_right_chip); gpiochip->direction_output(gpiochip, led_pin, 1); gpiochip->set(gpiochip, led_pin, 0); printk("pi led init ok!\n"); return 0;} |
初始化时首先分配给这个函数设备号,注册该设备,通过class注册使能够在/dev/目录下自动生成相应的设备文件,用户通过操作这个文件,来告诉内核怎么做.
由于是字符设备,所以对该文件的操作通过open,write,ioctl等函数,所以要把这个函数和底层的操作函数对应起来,这就要用到file_operation这个结构体,来声明:
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//file_operations使系统的open,ioctl等函数指针指向我们所写的led_open等函数,//这样系统才能够调用static struct file_operations pi_led_dev_fops = { .owner =THIS_MODULE, .open =pi_led_open, .unlocked_ioctl = pi_led_ioctl, .release = pi_led_release,}; |
这里就让open函数对应到pi_led_open函数,ioctl函数对应到pi_led_ioctl函数;
然后我们就只需要编写相应的pi_led_open以及pi_led_ioctl;这些函数里面的操作就是最底层的GPIO操作,和单片机是一样的.
三 GPIO操作
内核里面的GPIO操作函数,被定义在#include <linux/gpio.h>,这个头文件里面,树莓派官方做好了树莓派的GPIO在内核里面的注册,所以调用gpio.h里面的函数即可进行树莓派的GPIO操作.
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gpiochip = gpiochip_find("bcm2708_gpio", is_right_chip); |
通过上面这个函数把内核的GPIO操作和BCM2708的GPIO操作关联起来;
bcm2708的操作可以查看/arch/arm/mach-bcm2708/bcm2708_gpio.c文件,具体也是对内存地址的操作:
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#define GPIOFSEL(x) (0x00+(x)*4)#define GPIOSET(x) (0x1c+(x)*4)#define GPIOCLR(x) (0x28+(x)*4)#define GPIOLEV(x) (0x34+(x)*4)#define GPIOEDS(x) (0x40+(x)*4)#define GPIOREN(x) (0x4c+(x)*4)#define GPIOFEN(x) (0x58+(x)*4)#define GPIOHEN(x) (0x64+(x)*4)#define GPIOLEN(x) (0x70+(x)*4)#define GPIOAREN(x) (0x7c+(x)*4)#define GPIOAFEN(x) (0x88+(x)*4)#define GPIOUD(x) (0x94+(x)*4)#define GPIOUDCLK(x) (0x98+(x)*4) |
这里定义的就是相应的GPIO寄存器的地址.
四 测试程序
ssh进入树莓派,在主目录下新建led.c
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#include<stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <sys/time.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { int on; int led_no; int fd; int i;fd = open("/dev/pi_led", 0); if (fd < 0) { fd = open("/dev/pi_led", 0); } if (fd < 0) { perror("open device led"); exit(1); }for(i=0;i<=20;i++){on = i%2;ioctl(fd, on, led_no);sleep(1);}close(fd);return 0;} |
想在本地搭建一个PostgreSQL的运行环境，完成之后，始终在apache/php环境无法加载postgresql模块。启动的时候无法加载libpq.dll，将postgresql的libpq拷贝到php目录无效，拷贝到windows目录无效，拷贝到windows\system32目录也无效，只好在网上找解决方法。搜到以下方法：
refering to the libpq.dll that comes bundled with PHP, like this:
LoadFile “C:/php/libpq.dll”
(原文地址：http://stackoverflow.com/questions/551734/php-not-loading-php-pgsql-dll-on-windows)
在http.conf文件中增加这一行，完美解决。其实这个答案之前有混淆的问题，比如加载pg目录的libpq.dll，似乎无效,只能用php目录里面自带的libpq.dll。
